Tympanum: Definition, History & Examples

Introduction

The tympanum is a significant architectural element found in various contexts throughout history. From its use in classical architecture to its depiction in medieval art, the tympanum has served both decorative and functional purposes. This article explores the definition, history, and examples of the tympanum in different fields, including architecture, art, anatomy, and music.

Tympanum in Architecture

In architecture, a tympanum refers to the semi-circular or triangular decorative wall surface over an entrance, door, or window, bounded by a lintel and arch. It is a prominent feature in classical architecture, particularly in Romanesque and Gothic styles. Tympana are often richly decorated with sculptural reliefs, depicting religious scenes, mythological figures, or ornamental motifs.

Tympanum in Art

Tympanum also holds significance in art history, particularly in medieval art. They served as important spaces for artistic expression, often showcasing intricate relief sculptures and carvings. Common themes depicted in tympana include biblical narratives, saints, and allegorical representations. The tympanum of Chartres Cathedral is a notable example, featuring a detailed portrayal of the Last Judgment.

Tympanum in Anatomy

In anatomy, the tympanum, also known as the tympanic membrane or eardrum, is a thin, cone-shaped membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear. It plays a crucial role in the auditory system by transmitting sound vibrations from the air to the ossicles in the middle ear. Perforation or damage to the tympanum can lead to hearing impairment.

Tympanum in Music

In ancient Greek and Roman music, the tympanum was a type of drum or tambourine. It consisted of a wooden or metal frame covered with animal skin and was played by striking or shaking. The term “tympanum” is derived from the Greek word “tympanon,” which means “drum.” Today, the word “tympani” is used to refer to orchestral kettledrums.

Historical Examples

Throughout history, tympana have been integral elements in notable architectural structures. The Romanesque tympanum of the Royal Portal at Chartres Cathedral in France is a prime example, showcasing intricate biblical scenes. Similarly, the tympanum of the Abbey Church of Saint-Denis demonstrates the transition from Romanesque to Gothic style, with its depiction of the Last Judgment.

Glossary of Terms

• Lintel: A horizontal architectural member spanning an opening and supporting the weight above it.
• Pediment: A triangular gable found in classical architecture, often situated above the horizontal structure of the entablature.
• Relief: A sculptural technique where figures or ornaments are carved into a flat surface, creating a three-dimensional effect.

Cultural and Religious Significance

Tympana have held cultural and religious significance in various architectural traditions. In Christian architecture, tympana often depicted biblical scenes or religious symbolism, serving as visual representations of faith. Similarly, in Hindu and Buddhist architecture, tympana featured divine figures and mythological narratives, acting as gateways to sacred spaces.

Comparative Analysis

Comparing tympanum designs across different cultures and periods reveals the evolution and regional variations of this architectural element. From the ornate Romanesque tympana to the more simplified and stylized designs of Gothic architecture, the treatment of tympana reflects the artistic and architectural trends of each era. Additionally, tympanum imagery often reflects the cultural and religious values of the society in which it was created.

Tympanum in Modern Architecture and Art

While tympana are most commonly associated with historical architectural styles, they continue to inspire and be incorporated into modern designs. Contemporary architects and artists often reinterpret the traditional tympanum form, adapting it to suit modern aesthetics and materials. These modern tympana may feature abstract designs, innovative materials, or unconventional shapes, showcasing the enduring appeal and versatility of this architectural element.

Tympanum in Other Uses

The concept of the tympanum extends beyond architecture and art. In engineering and mechanical design, a tympanum can refer to a similar structure or element that separates or encloses a space. The term may also be used figuratively to describe any decorative or ornamental surface resembling the shape or position of an architectural tympanum.