Gastric Erosion Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

Gastric erosion, also known as erosive gastritis or gastric mucosal erosion, is a condition characterized by the erosion or wearing away of the protective lining (mucosa) of the stomach. This can lead to inflammation, bleeding, and other complications in the stomach. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for gastric erosion is crucial for managing this condition effectively.

What is Gastric Erosion?

Gastric erosion is a type of non-neoplastic lesion in the stomach that affects the mucosal lining. It involves the loss of the superficial epithelium, resulting in erosions or raw areas in the stomach lining. Unlike peptic ulcers, which are deeper lesions that extend into the muscle layer, gastric erosions are more superficial and typically heal faster.

Source: Gastric Erosion: Overview, Pathophysiology, Etiology

Causes of Gastric Erosion

Gastric erosion can be caused by various factors that disrupt the protective mechanisms of the stomach lining. Some common causes include:

• Medications: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen, can damage the stomach lining and increase the risk of gastric erosion.
• Alcohol consumption: Excessive alcohol consumption can irritate and erode the stomach lining.
• Helicobacter pylori infection: This bacterial infection can weaken the stomach’s defense mechanisms and lead to gastric erosion and ulcers.
• Physical factors: Surgical procedures, gastric band placement, or other physical trauma to the stomach can cause gastric erosion.
• Stress and dietary factors: Stress, spicy or acidic foods, and excessive caffeine intake can increase stomach acid production and contribute to gastric erosion.

Source: Gastric Erosion: Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Clinical Management

Symptoms of Gastric Erosion

The symptoms of gastric erosion can vary depending on the severity and location of the erosions. Some common symptoms include:

• Abdominal pain or discomfort: Gastric erosion can cause a burning, gnawing, or dull ache in the upper abdomen or epigastric region.
• Nausea and vomiting: Erosions in the stomach can lead to nausea and vomiting, which may contain blood or coffee-ground-like material.
• Bloating and belching: Erosions can cause inflammation and irritation, leading to bloating and excessive belching.
• Indigestion: Gastric erosion can cause symptoms of indigestion, such as heartburn, fullness, or discomfort after eating.
• Anemia: Chronic bleeding from gastric erosions can lead to iron deficiency anemia.

Source: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis of Gastric Erosions

Diagnosis of Gastric Erosion

To diagnose gastric erosion, healthcare professionals may use the following methods:

• Endoscopy: An endoscopic examination of the stomach, called an esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), is the most accurate way to diagnose gastric erosion. During this procedure, a flexible tube with a camera is inserted through the mouth and into the stomach to visualize the lining.
• Biopsy: During an endoscopy, a small tissue sample (biopsy) from the stomach lining may be taken for further analysis.
• Imaging tests: In some cases, imaging tests like X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans may be ordered to assess the extent of gastric erosion or to rule out other conditions.
• Blood tests: Blood tests may be performed to check for anemia or other signs of bleeding caused by gastric erosion.

Source: Diagnosis and Management of Gastric Erosions

Treatment for Gastric Erosion

The treatment for gastric erosion typically involves a combination of lifestyle modifications, medications, and, in some cases, surgical interventions. The goal is to promote healing, reduce symptoms, and prevent further erosion.

• Medications: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and H2 blockers are commonly prescribed to reduce stomach acid production and promote healing of the gastric erosions.
• Lifestyle changes: Avoiding irritants like NSAIDs, alcohol, and spicy foods, as well as quitting smoking, can help reduce inflammation and promote healing.
• Diet modifications: A bland, soft, and easily digestible diet may be recommended during the healing process.
• Antibiotics: If a Helicobacter pylori infection is present, antibiotics may be prescribed to eradicate the bacteria.
• Surgical interventions: In severe cases or when erosions are caused by physical factors (e.g., gastric band erosion), surgical procedures may be necessary to remove the erosions or address the underlying issue.

Source: Treatment and Management of Gastric Erosions

Preventing Gastric Erosion

To help prevent gastric erosion or reduce the risk of recurrence, the following preventive measures can be taken:

• Avoid NSAIDs or use with caution: If NSAIDs are necessary, take them with food and consider using alternative pain relievers or medications that are less harsh on the stomach lining.
• Limit alcohol consumption: Excessive alcohol intake can increase the risk of gastric erosion and other gastrointestinal issues.
• Quit smoking: Smoking can increase stomach acid production and impair the healing process of gastric erosions.
• Manage stress: Stress can contribute to increased stomach acid production and inflammation, so practicing stress-reducing techniques may be beneficial.
• Maintain a healthy diet: A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can promote overall digestive health and help protect the stomach lining.

Source: Prevention of Gastric Erosions: Lifestyle and Dietary Modifications

Complications of Gastric Erosion

If left untreated, gastric erosion can lead to several complications, including:

• Bleeding: Erosions can cause bleeding in the stomach, which can range from mild to severe and potentially life-threatening.
• Anemia: Chronic bleeding from gastric erosions can lead to iron deficiency anemia, which can cause fatigue, weakness, and other symptoms.
• Perforation: In rare cases, deep erosions can penetrate through the stomach wall, leading to a potentially serious condition called gastric perforation.
• Gastric outlet obstruction: If erosions occur near the pyloric valve (the opening from the stomach to the small intestine), they can cause narrowing or obstruction, leading to difficulty with food passing through the digestive system.

Source: Complications and Clinical Outcomes of Gastric Erosions

Outlook and Prognosis

The outlook and prognosis for gastric erosion vary depending on the severity of the condition, underlying causes, and the individual’s response to treatment. With proper treatment and lifestyle modifications, many cases of gastric erosion can heal within a few weeks or months.

However, some individuals may experience recurrent episodes of gastric erosion, particularly if the underlying cause (such as NSAID use or Helicobacter pylori infection) is not adequately addressed. Regular follow-up with a healthcare provider and adherence to treatment recommendations are essential for managing gastric erosion and preventing complications.

Overall, by understanding the causes, symptoms, and available treatment options, individuals can work closely with their healthcare providers to manage gastric erosion effectively and improve their overall digestive health and quality of life.

Source: Prognosis and Long-Term Outcomes of Gastric Erosions